{"id":936,"date":"2023-07-20T04:30:24","date_gmt":"2023-07-20T04:30:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/tr\/izobutanol-c4h10o\/"},"modified":"2023-07-20T04:30:24","modified_gmt":"2023-07-20T04:30:24","slug":"izobutanol-c4h10o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/tr\/izobutanol-c4h10o\/","title":{"rendered":"I\u0307zob\u00fctanol \u2013 c4h10o, 78-83-1"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130zobutanol, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kokuya sahip, renksiz bir s\u0131v\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc, yak\u0131t katk\u0131 maddesi olarak ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasallar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Solunmas\u0131 veya cilt ile temas\u0131 halinde tahri\u015fe neden olabilir.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
IUPAC Ad\u0131<\/td>\n 2-metilpropan-1-ol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Molek\u00fcler form\u00fcl<\/td>\n C4H10O<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CAS numaras\u0131<\/td>\n 78-83-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E\u015f anlaml\u0131<\/td>\n \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, 2-metil-1-propanol, 2-metilpropil alkol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
InChI<\/td>\n InChI=1S\/C4H10O\/c1-4(2)3-5\/h4-5H,3H2,1-2H3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctanol\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130zobutanol form\u00fcl\u00fc<\/h3>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn form\u00fcl\u00fc C4H10O’dur. D\u00f6rt karbon atomu, on hidrojen atomu ve bir oksijen atomundan olu\u015fur. 2-metilpropan-1-ol olarak da bilinen bir alkol bile\u015fi\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctanol Molar K\u00fctlesi<\/h3>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn molar k\u00fctlesi, onu olu\u015fturan elementlerin atomik k\u00fctleleri toplanarak hesaplan\u0131r. \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol i\u00e7in molar k\u00fctle, mol ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 74,12 gramd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctanol\u00fcn kaynama noktas\u0131<\/h3>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn kaynama noktas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 107,89 santigrat derecedir (225,2 Fahrenheit derece). Bu, bu s\u0131cakl\u0131kta izob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn s\u0131v\u0131dan gaza d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

\u0130zobutanol Erime Noktas\u0131<\/h3>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn erime noktas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k -108 santigrat derecedir (-162,4 Fahrenheit derece). Bu, izob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn kat\u0131 halden s\u0131v\u0131 duruma ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctanol Yo\u011funlu\u011fu g\/mL<\/h3>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn yo\u011funlu\u011fu mililitre ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,806 gramd\u0131r. Bu yo\u011funluk, birim hacim ba\u015f\u0131na izob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn k\u00fctlesini g\u00f6sterir ve \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalardaki davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

\u0130zobutanol Molek\u00fcl A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kendisini olu\u015fturan atomlar\u0131n atom a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131d\u0131r ve mol ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 74,12 gramd\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli kimyasal hesaplamalarda ve reaksiyonlarda \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n

\n
\"\u0130zob\u00fctanol\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctanol\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h3>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131, di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 karbon atomuna ba\u011fl\u0131 bir merkezi karbon atomu ve bir hidroksil grubundan (-OH) olu\u015fur. \u0130kinci karbon atomuna ba\u011fl\u0131 metil grubu (CH3) ile dallanm\u0131\u015f bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir.<\/p>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctanol\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/h3>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, su, etanol ve dietil eter dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok organik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcyle kar\u0131\u015fabilir. Ancak sudaki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve polaritesi gibi fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
M\u00fclk<\/strong><\/td>\n De\u011fer<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f<\/td>\n Renksiz s\u0131v\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spesifik yer \u00e7ekimi<\/td>\n 0,806<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Renk<\/td>\n Yok<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Koku<\/td>\n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Molar k\u00fctle<\/td>\n 74,12 gr\/mol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yo\u011funluk<\/td>\n 0,806 gr\/ml<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F\u00fczyon noktas\u0131<\/td>\n -108\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kaynama noktas\u0131<\/td>\n 107.89\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fla\u015f noktas\u0131<\/td>\n 35\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sudaki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/td>\n kar\u0131\u015fabilir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/td>\n Su, etanol ve dietil eter dahil organik solventlerle kar\u0131\u015fabilir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131<\/td>\n 25\u00b0C’de 7,49 mmHg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Buhar yo\u011funlu\u011fu<\/td>\n 2,55 (hava = 1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pKa<\/td>\n 16:18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pH<\/td>\n 7 (n\u00f6tr)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctanol\u00fcn g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve tehlikeleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken baz\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik riskleri ta\u015f\u0131r. Solunmas\u0131, yutulmas\u0131 veya cilt veya g\u00f6zlerle temas\u0131 halinde tahri\u015fe neden olabilir. Bu kimyasalla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken yeterli havaland\u0131rma ve ki\u015fisel koruyucu ekipman kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol yan\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r ve patlay\u0131c\u0131 buhar-hava kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir. Parlama noktas\u0131n\u0131n 35 santigrat derece gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 onu potansiyel bir yang\u0131n tehlikesi haline getiriyor. Ate\u015fleme kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kazara sal\u0131nmas\u0131 durumunda, uygun muhafaza ve temizleme prosed\u00fcrleri takip edilmelidir. \u0130zob\u00fctil alkolle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken g\u00fcvenlik veri sayfalar\u0131na ba\u015fvurmak ve uygun g\u00fcvenlik protokollerini takip etmek \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Tehlike sembolleri<\/td>\n Yan\u0131c\u0131, Tahri\u015f Edici<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u00fcvenlik A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131<\/td>\n Ate\u015fleme kaynaklar\u0131ndan uzak tutun. \u0130yi havaland\u0131r\u0131lan bir ortamda kullan\u0131n\u0131z. Cilt ve g\u00f6zlerle do\u011frudan temas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BM kimlik numaralar\u0131<\/td>\n BM 1212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
HS kodu<\/td>\n 2905.13.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tehlike s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/td>\n S\u0131n\u0131f 3 \u2013 Yan\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131lar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Paketleme grubu<\/td>\n GE II<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toksisite<\/td>\n Tahri\u015fe neden olabilir. Yutulmas\u0131 halinde zararl\u0131 olabilir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

\u0130zobutanol sentezi i\u00e7in y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn sentezlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemler vard\u0131r. Yayg\u0131n bir y\u00f6ntem, izobutiraldehitin nikel veya platin gibi bir metal kataliz\u00f6r varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hidrojen gaz\u0131 ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak katalitik olarak hidrojenlenmesidir. Kataliz\u00f6r izob\u00fctiraldehitin izob\u00fctil alkole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6ntem, propilenin<\/a> , genellikle rodyum bazl\u0131 bir kompleks olan bir kataliz\u00f6r kullan\u0131larak karbon monoksit ve hidrojen gaz\u0131 ile reaksiyona girdi\u011fi propilenin hidroformilasyonunu i\u00e7erir. Bu reaksiyon izob\u00fctiraldehit \u00fcretir ve bu daha sonra izob\u00fctil alkol vermek \u00fczere daha fazla hidrojenasyona tabi tutulabilir.<\/p>\n

Biyok\u00fctle fermantasyon s\u00fcreci izob\u00fctil alkol \u00fcretimine olanak sa\u011flar. Bakteriler ve mayalar da dahil olmak \u00fczere baz\u0131 mikroorganizmalar, \u015fekerleri veya di\u011fer karbon kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 metabolize edebilir ve yan \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak izob\u00fctil alkol \u00fcretebilir. Bu biyo bazl\u0131 y\u00f6ntem, izob\u00fctil alkol \u00fcretimine yenilenebilir ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir yakla\u015f\u0131m sunuyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctenin<\/a> dolayl\u0131 hidrasyonu, izob\u00fctil alkol\u00fc sentezlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu, izob\u00fctenin s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit ile reaksiyona girerek tert-b\u00fctil alkol (TBA) olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir; bu daha sonra izob\u00fctil alkol olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere dehidrasyona u\u011frayabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00f6ntemlerin her birinin maliyet, etkinlik ve \u00e7evresel etki a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan avantajlar\u0131 ve hususlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Sentez y\u00f6nteminin se\u00e7imi, izob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn istenen safl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ham maddelerin mevcudiyeti ve spesifik end\u00fcstriyel gereksinimler gibi fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctanol\u00fcn kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli end\u00fcstrilerde uygulama alan\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r. \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol di\u011fer maddeleri aktif olarak \u00e7\u00f6zer ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece boya, kaplama ve re\u00e7ine gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalardaki uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve performanslar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yak\u0131t Katk\u0131 Maddesi: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, yak\u0131t katk\u0131 maddesi olarak kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oktan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 aktif olarak art\u0131r\u0131r ve benzinin yanma verimlili\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r. Aktif olarak geleneksel benzin katk\u0131 maddelerine yenilenebilir bir alternatif olarak hizmet vermektedir.<\/p>\n

Kimyasal Ara Madde: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasallar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde bir ara madde olarak aktif olarak \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. Esterler, plastikle\u015ftiriciler, herbisitler ve farmas\u00f6tik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretiminde aktif olarak yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ekstraksiyon Maddesi: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, aroma bile\u015fiklerini aktif olarak ekstrakte eder ve konsantre eder, do\u011fal ve sentetik aroma ve kokular\u0131n \u00fcretiminde \u00f6z\u00fctleyici olarak g\u00f6rev yapar.<\/p>\n

Bask\u0131 m\u00fcrekkepleri: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, \u00f6zellikle fleksografik ve grav\u00fcr bask\u0131 i\u015flemlerinde bask\u0131 m\u00fcrekkeplerinin form\u00fclasyonunda pigmentlerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesine ve m\u00fcrekkep ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesine aktif olarak katk\u0131da bulunur.<\/p>\n

Ki\u015fisel Bak\u0131m \u00dcr\u00fcnleri: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, parf\u00fcm, kolonya ve losyon gibi ki\u015fisel bak\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin form\u00fclasyonunda koku bile\u015fenleri i\u00e7in aktif bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rev yapar. \u0130stenilen koku profillerinin elde edilmesine aktif olarak katk\u0131da bulunur.<\/p>\n

Farmas\u00f6tikler: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, farmas\u00f6tik \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde aktif olarak bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc veya reaksiyon ortam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yaparak \u00e7e\u015fitli ila\u00e7lar\u0131n sentezini ve form\u00fclasyonunu sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalar, izob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok end\u00fcstrideki \u00f6nemini vurguluyor ve bu da onu geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131na sahip de\u011ferli bir bile\u015fik haline getiriyor.<\/p>\n

Sorular:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

S: \u0130zobutanol nedir?<\/h3>\n

C: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, \u00e7e\u015fitli end\u00fcstrilerde genellikle solvent, yak\u0131t katk\u0131 maddesi ve kimyasal ara madde olarak kullan\u0131lan, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kokuya sahip, renksiz bir s\u0131v\u0131 alkold\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

S: \u0130zob\u00fctanol suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr m\u00fc?<\/h3>\n

C: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, hidrofobik yap\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kar\u0131\u015fabilirlik ile suda k\u0131smen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

S: Hangi kimyasal kaymalarda (ppm) 4 izob\u00fctanol zirvesini g\u00f6zlemlemeyi bekliyoruz?<\/h3>\n

C: D\u00f6rt izob\u00fctil alkol zirvesi tipik olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,9 ppm (tekli), 1,1 ila 1,3 ppm (d\u00f6rtl\u00fc), 1,6 ila 1,8 ppm (\u00e7oklu) ve 3,7 ila 4,0 ppm (\u00e7oklu) kimyasal kaymalarda g\u00f6zlemlenir.<\/p>\n

S: \u0130zob\u00fctanol nas\u0131l \u00fcretilir?<\/h3>\n

C: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, izob\u00fctiraldehitin katalitik hidrojenasyonu, propilenin hidroformilasyonu, biyok\u00fctlenin fermantasyonu veya izob\u00fctenin dolayl\u0131 hidrasyonu dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00fcretilebilir.<\/p>\n

S: \u0130zob\u00fctanol ne i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h3>\n

C: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, solvent, yak\u0131t katk\u0131 maddesi, kimyasal ara madde, ekstraktant, bask\u0131 m\u00fcrekkebi bile\u015feni olarak ve ki\u015fisel bak\u0131m ve farmas\u00f6tik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S: \u0130zobutanol ne kadar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr?<\/h3>\n

C: \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc orta d\u00fczeydedir, ancak etanol ve dietil eter gibi organik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fclerde y\u00fcksek oranda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

S: \u0130zobutanol bir peroksit midir?<\/h3>\n

C: Hay\u0131r, izobutil alkol, havaya ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda patlay\u0131c\u0131 peroksitler olu\u015fturabilen di\u011fer baz\u0131 organik bile\u015fiklerin aksine, bir peroksit maddesi olarak kabul edilmez.<\/p>\n

S: Yapay siyanobakteriler taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan izob\u00fctanol \u00fcretiminin di\u011fer alternatif biyoyak\u0131tlara g\u00f6re ne gibi avantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131r?<\/h3>\n

C: Tasarlanm\u0131\u015f siyanobakteriler taraf\u0131ndan izob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn do\u011frudan \u00fcretimi, y\u00fcksek verim, karbon n\u00f6trl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yenilenebilir ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretme potansiyeli gibi avantajlar sunar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130zobutanol, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kokuya sahip, renksiz bir s\u0131v\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc, yak\u0131t katk\u0131 maddesi olarak ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasallar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Solunmas\u0131 veya cilt ile temas\u0131 halinde tahri\u015fe neden olabilir. IUPAC Ad\u0131 2-metilpropan-1-ol Molek\u00fcler form\u00fcl C4H10O CAS numaras\u0131 78-83-1 E\u015f anlaml\u0131 \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol, 2-metil-1-propanol, 2-metilpropil alkol InChI InChI=1S\/C4H10O\/c1-4(2)3-5\/h4-5H,3H2,1-2H3 \u0130zob\u00fctanol\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri \u0130zobutanol form\u00fcl\u00fc \u0130zob\u00fctil alkol\u00fcn form\u00fcl\u00fc C4H10O’dur. D\u00f6rt karbon … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130zob\u00fctanol - C4H10O, 78-83-1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130zob\u00fctanol, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kokuya sahip, renksiz bir s\u0131v\u0131d\u0131r. Solvent, yak\u0131t katk\u0131 maddesi olarak ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasallar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 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