{"id":1498,"date":"2023-07-14T04:06:18","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T04:06:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/tr\/iterbiyum\/"},"modified":"2023-07-14T04:06:18","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T04:06:18","slug":"iterbiyum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/tr\/iterbiyum\/","title":{"rendered":"I\u0307terbiyum"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Topraklar\u0131nda Ytterbium da dahil olmak \u00fczere 7 kimyasal bile\u015fik bulundu\u011fundan bu takma ad\u0131 alan Elementler Adas\u0131&#8217;nda bulunur. Bu yumu\u015fak metal, su veya hava varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve Stronsiyum ve Kalsiyum serisine benzer. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da onun ne oldu\u011funu, k\u00f6kenini, onu olu\u015fturan \u00f6zelliklerin de\u011ferini ve \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenin.<\/p>\n<h2> <strong>\u0130terbiyum nedir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p> Do\u011fal haliyle do\u011fada bulunan 7 kararl\u0131 izotopun birle\u015fiminden olu\u015fan metalik bir elementtir. Bu g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f renkte g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, yumu\u015fakt\u0131r, s\u00fcnektir ve lantanitler kategorisine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir.<\/p>\n<h3> <strong>\u0130terbiyum sembol\u00fc<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p> <span class=\"content-chemical-element\" style=\"float: left;width: 65px;height: 65px;border: 3px solid #666; display:flex;\n    justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: 15px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 38px;\">Yb<\/span><\/span> Ytterbium, ad\u0131n\u0131 \u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;in Ytterby kasabas\u0131ndan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcnl\u00fc kimyager Jean de Marignac bu metaloidi \u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;te ke\u015ffetti. Ancak daha sonra analiz edilen numunelerin bir metal yerine iki bile\u015fik i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. B\u00f6ylece saf elementi elde etmek i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 70 y\u0131l sonra yeni bir preparat tasarland\u0131.<\/p>\n<h2> <strong>\u0130terbiyumun \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p> Metaloidin alfa, gama ve beta ad\u0131 verilen 3 allotropu vard\u0131r. \u0130kincisi oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunur, ancak yo\u011fun \u0131s\u0131ya maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yar\u0131 iletken hale gelir. Bunu olu\u015fturan di\u011fer y\u00f6nler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <strong>Durumu:<\/strong> Yumu\u015fak ve d\u00f6v\u00fclebilir bir kat\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Renk:<\/strong> Gri ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, opak ve parlak b\u00f6lgelere sahip oldu\u011fundan. <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li> <strong>\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck:<\/strong> \u00dcretti\u011fi iki de\u011ferlikli tuzlar suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde en yayg\u0131n oksit olan Yb <sub>2<\/sub> O <sub>3<\/sub> de mineral asitlerle \u00e7ok kolay \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Toksisite:<\/strong> Bile\u015fikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ila orta derecede toksik seviyeye sahiptir. Bu nedenle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zenle ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve saklan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Reaktivite:<\/strong> Su ile kademeli olarak reaksiyona girer ve havan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oksitlenir veya korozyona u\u011frar.<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Radyoaktivite:<\/strong> \u015eu ana kadar yaln\u0131zca 7 kararl\u0131 ve 27 radyoaktif izotop bilinmektedir.<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Yap\u0131:<\/strong> Y\u00fczlerde merkezile\u015ftirilmi\u015f k\u00fcbik.<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Bile\u015fimi:<\/strong> 70 elektron ve ayn\u0131 say\u0131da protondan olu\u015fur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2> <strong>Ytterbium&#8217;un kimyasal ve fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li> <strong>Atom numaras\u0131<\/strong> : 70<\/li>\n<li> <strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong> : 6<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Blok<\/strong> : F<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Grup<\/strong> : 3<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Yo\u011funluk:<\/strong> 6965 kg\/m\u00b3<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Kaynama noktas\u0131:<\/strong> 1467K<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Erime noktas\u0131:<\/strong> 1097K<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Atom yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131:<\/strong> 1,92<strong> <\/strong>\u00f6\u011fleden sonra<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Ortalama yar\u0131\u00e7ap:<\/strong> 175 saat<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Pas:<\/strong> Temel<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Elektronegatiflik:<\/strong> 1.1<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Oksidasyon durumu:<\/strong> +2, +3<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Elektronik konfig\u00fcrasyon:<\/strong> [Xe] 4f <sup>14<\/sup> 6s <sup>2<\/sup><\/li>\n<li> <strong>Atom k\u00fctlesi (g\/mol):<\/strong> 173,04 u<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Birinci iyonla\u015fma potansiyeli eV:<\/strong> 6,24<\/li>\n<li> <strong>\u00d6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> 146,30 J\/kg\u00b0 K<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Katman ba\u015f\u0131na elektron say\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Is\u0131 iletkenli\u011fi:<\/strong> 34,90 J\/m s\u00b0C<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Elektrik iletkenli\u011fi:<\/strong> 35,7 (mOhm.cm)-1<\/li>\n<li> <strong>Kovalent yar\u0131\u00e7ap (\u00c5):<\/strong> 1,74 pm<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2> <strong>\u0130tterbiyumun K\u00f6keni<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p> \u0130terbiyumun ke\u015ffi onlarca y\u0131l s\u00fcren ortak bir \u00e7aban\u0131n sonucuydu. \u0130lk sorumlu, Erbium elementinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan Carl Gustaf Mosander&#8217;d\u0131r. Jean de Marignac bu ke\u015ffi temel alarak \u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;teki bu metali ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya karar verdi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015fka bir \u015fey bulabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n<p> Hatta 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;te Ytterby denilen yerin onuruna 2 oksit elde etti ve bunlardan birine Ytterbium ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Ancak 1953 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Spedding ve Daane Dennison saf elementi b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle elde etmek i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 uygulamaya koymad\u0131.<\/p>\n<h2> <strong>\u0130terbiyum ne i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p> \u0130terbiyumun ticari d\u00fcnya ve insan faaliyetleriyle ilgili kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak belirli ala\u015f\u0131mlar ve di\u011fer bile\u015fiklerle kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki uygulamalar veya faydalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Ala\u015f\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, iterbiyum bile\u015fenleri \u00e7eli\u011fin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rabilir ve di\u011fer mekanik \u00f6zelliklerini iyile\u015ftirebilir.<\/li>\n<li> \u0130tterbiyum Flor\u00fcr di\u015f hekimli\u011finde di\u015f dolgular\u0131nda veya r\u00f6ntgen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kontrast \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcretilen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirilmesini optimize eder.<\/li>\n<li> \u0130terbiyum klor\u00fcr, yeni Karbon-Karbon ba\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturan 2 kimyasal reaksiyon i\u00e7in kataliz\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar Aldol reaksiyonu ve Diels-Alder reaksiyonudur.<\/li>\n<li> \u0130zotoplar\u0131ndan biri, elektrik g\u00fcc\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir r\u00f6ntgen makinesi i\u00e7in radyasyon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2> <strong>\u0130terbiyum nerede bulunur ve nas\u0131l elde edilir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p> %0,03 monazit mineral bile\u015feni elde ediyoruz. Benzer \u015fekilde, Xenotime veya Gadolinite gibi di\u011fer nadir toprak s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndan ve bazen de Euxenite&#8217;den elde edilebilir. Ayr\u0131ca izotoplar\u0131ndan 7&#8217;si \u00e7evrede da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k olarak bulunur, \u00f6rne\u011fin en fazla miktarda bulunan\u0131 Yb-174&#8217;t\u00fcr. Elde etme prosed\u00fcrleriyle ilgili olarak solvent ekstraksiyon tekni\u011fi ve iyi bilinen iyon de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u015flemi kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p> Son olarak Marignac, Dennison ve Spedding gibi kimyagerlerin i\u015fbirli\u011fi sayesinde art\u0131k \u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;ten gelen bir element olan iterbiyum hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olabiliyoruz. Orta derecede toksisitesine ra\u011fmen di\u015f alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. Benzer \u015fekilde \u00e7eli\u011fin \u00f6zelliklerinin iyile\u015ftirilmesinde veya reaksiyon kataliz\u00f6r\u00fc olarak faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Topraklar\u0131nda Ytterbium da dahil olmak \u00fczere 7 kimyasal bile\u015fik bulundu\u011fundan bu takma ad\u0131 alan Elementler Adas\u0131&#8217;nda bulunur. Bu yumu\u015fak metal, su veya hava varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve Stronsiyum ve Kalsiyum serisine benzer. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da onun ne oldu\u011funu, k\u00f6kenini, onu olu\u015fturan \u00f6zelliklerin de\u011ferini ve \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenin. \u0130terbiyum nedir? Do\u011fal haliyle do\u011fada bulunan 7 kararl\u0131 izotopun birle\u015fiminden &#8230; <a title=\"I\u0307terbiyum\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/tr\/iterbiyum\/\" aria-label=\"More on I\u0307terbiyum\">Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0130terbiyum - Chemuza<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/tr\/iterbiyum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130terbiyum - Chemuza\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Topraklar\u0131nda Ytterbium da dahil olmak \u00fczere 7 kimyasal bile\u015fik bulundu\u011fundan bu takma ad\u0131 alan Elementler Adas\u0131&#8217;nda bulunur. 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