{"id":348,"date":"2023-07-23T22:59:54","date_gmt":"2023-07-23T22:59:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/%e7%a2%b1%e9%87%91%e5%b1%9e%e5%85%83%e7%b4%a0%e5%91%a8%e6%9c%9f%e8%a1%a8\/"},"modified":"2023-07-23T22:59:54","modified_gmt":"2023-07-23T22:59:54","slug":"%e7%a2%b1%e9%87%91%e5%b1%9e%e5%85%83%e7%b4%a0%e5%91%a8%e6%9c%9f%e8%a1%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/%e7%a2%b1%e9%87%91%e5%b1%9e%e5%85%83%e7%b4%a0%e5%91%a8%e6%9c%9f%e8%a1%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"459\" src=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tableau-periodique-des-metaux-alcalins.jpg\" alt=\"\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\" class=\"wp-image-4843\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/figure>\n<p>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u4f4d\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\/\">\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868<\/a>\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u8be5\u7ec4\u5305\u62ec<a href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\/\">\u9502<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\/\">\u94a0<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\/\">\u94be<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\/\">\u94f7<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\/\">\u94ef<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\/\">\u94ab<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u5f88\u8f6f\uff0c\u7194\u70b9\u548c\u6cb8\u70b9\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u7535\u6c60\u3001\u5408\u91d1\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"What-are-alkali-metals?\"><strong>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\uff1f<\/strong> <\/h2>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/exemples-de-metaux-alcalins.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4878\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/figure>\n<p>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u662f\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\u4e2d\u5c5e\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\/\">\u7b2c 1 \u65cf\u7684<\/a>\u4e00\u7ec4\u5316\u5b66\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u4ee5\u5176\u67d4\u8f6f\u3001\u4f4e\u7194\u70b9\u3001\u9ad8\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u6c34\u53cd\u5e94\u65f6\u5f62\u6210\u78b1\u6027\u6eb6\u6db2\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u7279\u6027\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u4f4e\u7535\u8d1f\u6027\u548c\u7535\u79bb\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5931\u53bb\u7535\u5b50\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u9633\u79bb\u5b50\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7194\u70b9\u548c\u6cb8\u70b9\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u8f6f\u4e14\u6613\u4e8e\u7194\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u6c34\u548c\u6c27\u6c14\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u7a7a\u6c14\u548c\u6c34\u4e2d\u4e5f\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u70ed\u548c\u7535\u7684\u826f\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Why-are-alkali-metals-called-so?\"><strong>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u8fd9\u4e48\u79f0\u547c\uff1f<\/strong> <\/h2>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"120\" src=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/reaction-des-metaux-alcalins-avec-leau.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4879\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/figure>\n<p>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u6c34\u53cd\u5e94\u65f6\u80fd\u591f\u5f62\u6210\u5f3a\u78b1\u6027\uff08\u78b1\u6027\uff09\u6eb6\u6db2\u3002 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/alkali-metal#:~:text=The%20alkali%20metals%20are%20so%20called%20because%20reaction%20with%20water%20forms%20alkalies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e0e\u6c34\u63a5\u89e6\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u91ca\u653e\u6c22\u6c14\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u6c22\u6c27\u6839\u79bb\u5b50\uff0c\u4f7f\u6eb6\u6db2\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/media\/images\/ph-scale-0#:~:text=As%20this%20diagram%20shows%2C%20pH,7%20are%20alkaline%20(basic).\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pH\u503c\u5448\u78b1\u6027<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/strong><strong><br \/><\/strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e0e\u6c34\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7535\u79bb\u80fd\u4f4e<a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps\/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)\/Physical_Properties_of_Matter\/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties\/Ionization_Energy#:~:text=Alkali%20metals%20(IA%20group)%20have%20small%20ionization%20energies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> \uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5931\u53bb\u7535\u5b50\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u6b63\u79bb\u5b50\uff08\u9633\u79bb\u5b50\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u6c34\u63a5\u89e6\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u7535\u5b50\u5e76\u4e0e\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u53cd\u5e94\u5f62\u6210\u6c22\u6c27\u6839\u79bb\u5b50\u548c\u6c22\u6c14\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8be5\u53cd\u5e94\u91ca\u653e\u5927\u91cf\u70ed\u91cf\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6c22\u6c14\u70b9\u71c3\u5e76\u7206\u70b8\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Reactivity-order-of-alkali-metals\"><strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6d3b\u6027\u987a\u5e8f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1280\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/reactivite-des-metaux-alcalins.jpg\" alt=\"\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e0e\u6c34\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6d3b\u6027\" class=\"wp-image-4880\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/figure>\n<p>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4ece\u9502 (Li) \u5411\u4e0b\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u94ab (Fr)\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u94ab\u662f\u6240\u6709\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e2d\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9502\u662f\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u5143\u7d20\u5411\u4e0b\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u534a\u5f84\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u7535\u79bb\u80fd\u51cf\u5c0f\u3002 <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"650\" height=\"323\" src=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tendance-du-rayon-atomique-vers-le-bas-du-groupe.jpg\" alt=\"\u539f\u5b50\u534a\u5f84\u5411\u57fa\u56e2\u5e95\u90e8\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\" class=\"wp-image-4884\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/figure>\n<p>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u539f\u5b50\u6700\u5916\u5c42\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u8ddd\u79bb\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u66f4\u8fdc\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4fdd\u6301\u5f97\u4e0d\u592a\u7d27\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5143\u7d20\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5931\u53bb\u8be5\u7535\u5b50\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u9633\u79bb\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u94ab\u662f\u8be5\u65cf\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u4e14\u5173\u7cfb\u6700\u4e0d\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u6700\u5f3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u5e94\u987a\u5e8f\u5bf9\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\uff08\u5982\u94ab\u548c\u94ef\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7a7a\u6c14\u6216\u6c34\u4e2d\u81ea\u71c3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5904\u7406\u5b83\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u5371\u9669\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsc.org\/periodic-table\/podcast\/55\/caesium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6d3b\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\uff08\u5982\u9502\uff09\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"List-of-alkali-metals-and-their-electron-configurations\"><strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u53ca\u5176\u7535\u5b50\u6392\u5e03\u5217\u8868<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u53ca\u5176\u7535\u5b50\u6784\u578b\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\u3002 <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\">\n<table class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#ebf7ff\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>\u5143\u7d20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>\u7535\u5b50\u914d\u7f6e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u9502 (Li)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> [\u5b83] 2s <sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u94a0\uff08Na\uff09<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> [\u505a] 3\u79d2<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u94be (K)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> [Ar] 4s <sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u94f7 (Rb)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> [Kr] 5s <sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u94ef (Cs)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> [Xe] 6s <sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u94ab (Fr)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> [Rn] 7s <sup>1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Periodic-trends-of-alkali-metals\"><strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5468\u671f\u6027\u8d8b\u52bf<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5468\u671f\u8d8b\u52bf\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5316\u5408\u4ef7\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a<\/strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5316\u5408\u4ef7\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e3a+1\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5931\u53bb\u7535\u5b50\u5f62\u6210\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u9633\u79bb\u5b50\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u5728\u65cf\u4e2d\u5411\u4e0b\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u5316\u5408\u4ef7\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5316\u5408\u4ef7\uff08\u53731\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u539f\u5b50\u5c3a\u5bf8\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a<\/strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u5c3a\u5bf8\u968f\u7740\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5411\u4e0b\u800c\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u539f\u5b50\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u4f60\u589e\u52a0\u80fd\u7ea7\u65f6\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u4e91\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u5c31\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u91d1\u5c5e\u7279\u6027\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a<\/strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u7279\u6027\u968f\u7740\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u800c\u589e\u5f3a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u91d1\u5c5e\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5177<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-72816-0_7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u6b63\u7535\u6027<\/a>\u5e76\u4e14\u66f4\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7535\u5b50\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u91d1\u5c5e\u952e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7535\u8d1f\u6027\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a<\/strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7535\u8d1f\u6027\u968f\u7740\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5411\u4e0b\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u5b50\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u5916\u5c42\u7535\u5b50\u8ddd\u79bb\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u66f4\u8fdc\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u51cf\u5f31\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7535\u5b50\u4eb2\u548c\u529b\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a<\/strong>\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u4eb2\u548c\u529b\u968f\u7740\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5411\u4e0b\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u56e2\u7684\u5e95\u90e8\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u539f\u5b50\u63a5\u53d7\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002 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