{"id":1014,"date":"2023-07-19T13:28:44","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T13:28:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/%e7%a1%9d%e9%85%b8hno3%e6%98%af%e5%bc%ba%e9%85%b8%e8%bf%98%e6%98%af%e5%bc%b1%e9%85%b8\/"},"modified":"2023-07-19T13:28:44","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T13:28:44","slug":"%e7%a1%9d%e9%85%b8hno3%e6%98%af%e5%bc%ba%e9%85%b8%e8%bf%98%e6%98%af%e5%bc%b1%e9%85%b8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/cn\/%e7%a1%9d%e9%85%b8hno3%e6%98%af%e5%bc%ba%e9%85%b8%e8%bf%98%e6%98%af%e5%bc%b1%e9%85%b8\/","title":{"rendered":"Hno3\uff08\u785d\u9178\uff09\u662f\u5f3a\u9178\u8fd8\u662f\u5f31\u9178\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>HNO <sub>3<\/sub> \uff08\u785d\u9178\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u9178\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u79bb\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u6c22\u79bb\u5b50 (H+)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u785d\u9178\u5728\u6c34\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5f3a\u9178\u6027\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u55ef\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4f46\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u4f60\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u6670\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u63a5\u5f00\u59cb\u5427\u3002 <\/p>\n<div class=\"inherit-container-width wp-block-group key is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u8981\u70b9\uff1aHNO3 \u662f\u5f3a\u9178\u8fd8\u662f\u5f31\u9178\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li> HNO <sub>3<\/sub>\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u9178\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u7535\u79bb\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u6c22\u79bb\u5b50 (H+)\u3002<\/li>\n<li> HNO <sub>3<\/sub>\u7684\u89e3\u79bb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653e\u70ed\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u785d\u9178\u7684\u5f3a\u9178\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5f3a\u9178\u6027\uff0c\u785d\u9178\u5177\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5316\u80a5\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u5408\u6210\u3001\u6e05\u6d01\u548c\u8680\u523b\u4ee5\u53ca\u706b\u7bad\u63a8\u8fdb\u5242\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48HNO3\u662f\u5f3a\u9178\uff1f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ans\"> <em>HNO <sub>3<\/sub>\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u785d\u9178\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7535\u79bb\u800c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5f3a\u9178\u3002\u5f53\u9178\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u201c\u5f3a\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u5728\u6eb6\u89e3\u4e8e\u6c34\u4e2d\u65f6\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u79bb\u6210\u79bb\u5b50\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\u6c22\u79bb\u5b50 (H+) \u6d53\u5ea6\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u6c34\u4e2d\u785d\u9178\u7535\u79bb\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"> HNO <sub>3<\/sub> + H <sub>2<\/sub> O \u2192 H <sub>3<\/sub> O <sup>+<\/sup> + NO <sub>3<\/sub> <sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6b64\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\uff0c\u785d\u9178\u5206\u5b50 (HNO <sub>3<\/sub> ) \u4e0e\u6c34\u5206\u5b50 (H <sub>2<\/sub> O) \u53cd\u5e94\u5f62\u6210<a href=\"https:\/\/www.acs.org\/content\/acs\/en\/molecule-of-the-week\/archive\/h\/hydronium-ion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u6c34\u5408\u6c22\u79bb\u5b50<\/a>(H <sub>3<\/sub> O <sup>+<\/sup> ) \u548c\u785d\u9178\u6839\u79bb\u5b50 (NO <sub>3<\/sub> <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> )\u3002\u6c34\u5408\u6c22\u79bb\u5b50\uff08H <sub>3<\/sub> O <sup>+<\/sup> \uff09\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u6c34\u5408\u8d28\u5b50\uff08H <sup>+<\/sup> \uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u9178\u6027\u6eb6\u6db2\u3002<\/p>\n<p> HNO <sub>3<\/sub>\u7684\u7535\u79bb\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709 HNO <sub>3<\/sub>\u5206\u5b50\u90fd\u89e3\u79bb\u6210 H <sub>3<\/sub> O <sup>+<\/sup>\u548c NO <sub>3<\/sub> <sup>&#8211;<\/sup>\u79bb\u5b50\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0cH <sub>3<\/sub> O <sup>+<\/sup>\u79bb\u5b50\u7684\u6d53\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f7f\u6eb6\u6db2\u5448\u5f3a\u9178\u6027\u3002 HNO <sub>3<\/sub>\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u79bb\u89e3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exothermic_process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u653e\u70ed\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/a>\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u785d\u9178\u7684\u5f3a\u9178\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0cHNO <sub>3<\/sub>\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5f3a\u9178\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u7535\u79bb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684 H <sub>3<\/sub> O <sup>+<\/sup>\u79bb\u5b50\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f4e pH\uff08\u9178\u6027\uff09\u6eb6\u6db2\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>HNO3 \u7684\u79bb\u89e3\u4e0e\u5f31\u9178\u7684\u79bb\u89e3\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\uff1f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5f3a\u785d\u9178 (HNO3) \u548c\u4e00\u822c\u5f31\u9178 (HA) \u79bb\u89e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5c0f\u6bd4\u8f83\uff1a <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fffcf5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u5916\u8c8c<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>HNO<\/strong> <strong><sub>3<\/sub><\/strong> <strong>\uff08\u5f3a\u9178\uff09<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u5f31\u9178\uff08HA\uff09<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u89e3\u79bb\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u79bb<\/td>\n<td>\u90e8\u5206\u89e3\u79bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7535\u79bb\u65b9\u7a0b<\/td>\n<td>HNO <sub>3<\/sub> \u2192 H\u207a + NO <sub>3<\/sub> \u207b<\/td>\n<td> HA \u21cc H\u207a + A\u207b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e0d\u65ad\u89e3\u79bb<\/td>\n<td>\u975e\u5e38\u5927\uff08Ka &gt;&gt; 1\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u5c0f\uff08Ka &lt;&lt; 1\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6eb6\u6db2pH\u503c<\/td>\n<td>\u9178\u6027\u6781\u5f3a\uff08pH \u503c\u4f4e\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u5f31\u9178\u6027\uff08pH\u503c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5e73\u8861\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7535\u5bfc\u7387<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8\uff08\u597d\u53f8\u673a\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u5f31\uff08\u574f\u53f8\u673a\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e0e\u6c34\u53cd\u5e94<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0e\u6c34\u5b8c\u5168\u53cd\u5e94<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0e\u6c34\u90e8\u5206\u53cd\u5e94<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9006\u53cd\u5e94<\/td>\n<td>\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053<\/td>\n<td>\u91cd\u8981\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4f8b\u5b50<\/td>\n<td>HNO <sub>3<\/sub> + H <sub>2<\/sub> O \u2192 H <sub>3<\/sub> O\u207a + NO <sub>3<\/sub> \u207b<\/td>\n<td> HA + H <sub>2<\/sub> O \u21cc H <sub>3<\/sub> O\u207a + A\u207b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f3a\u9178\u5982 HNO <sub>3<\/sub>\u6eb6\u89e3\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u65f6\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u79bb\u6210\u79bb\u5b50\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u9178\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u6eb6\u6db2\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f31\u9178\u90e8\u5206\u89e3\u79bb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u79bb\u5b50\u6d53\u5ea6\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u6eb6\u6db2\u9178\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u89e3\u79bb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7528<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissociation_constant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u89e3\u79bb\u5e38\u6570<\/a>\uff08Ka\uff09\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5f3a\u9178\u89e3\u79bb\u5e38\u6570\u5927\uff0c\u5f31\u9178\u89e3\u79bb\u5e38\u6570\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u785d\u9178\u57fa\u4e8e\u5176\u5f3a\u9178\u6027\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u785d\u9178 (HNO <sub>3<\/sub> ) \u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5f3a\u9178\u6027\u800c\u5177\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u80a5\u6599\u5236\u9020\uff1a<\/strong>\u785d\u9178\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u785d\u9178\u94f5\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6c2e\u57fa\u80a5\u6599\uff09\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6210\u5206\u3002\u8be5\u9178\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0e\u6c28\u53cd\u5e94\u5f62\u6210\u785d\u9178\u94f5\uff0c\u4e3a\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u8425\u517b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5316\u5b66\u5408\u6210\uff1a<\/strong>\u785d\u9178\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u8d28\u5b50\u4f9b\u4f53\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5408\u6210\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u673a\u548c\u65e0\u673a\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u70b8\u836f\u3001\u67d3\u6599\u3001\u5851\u6599\u548c\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6e05\u6d01\u548c\u8680\u523b\uff1a<\/strong>\u7531\u4e8e\u785d\u9178\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u9178\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6e05\u6d01\u548c\u8680\u523b\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u8868\u9762\u3002\u5b83\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u53bb\u9664\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e0a\u7684\u9508\u8ff9\u3001\u6c27\u5316\u76ae\u548c\u6742\u8d28\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u9178\u6d17\u5242\uff1a<\/strong>\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e\u52a0\u5de5\u548c\u51b6\u91d1\u4e2d\uff0c\u785d\u9178\u7528\u4f5c\u9178\u6d17\u5242\uff0c\u4ee5\u53bb\u9664\u4e0d\u9508\u94a2\u7b49\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u8868\u9762\u6742\u8d28\u548c\u6c27\u5316\u5c42\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u706b\u7bad\u63a8\u8fdb\u5242\uff1a<\/strong>\u785d\u9178\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u4e8c\u7532\u80bc (UDMH) \u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5206\u7ed3\u5408\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4f5c\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u706b\u7bad\u63a8\u8fdb\u5242\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u8bd5\u5242\uff1a<\/strong>\u785d\u9178\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u8bd5\u5242\u3002\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u5236\u5907\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u8c03\u8282 pH \u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u70b8\u836f\u751f\u4ea7\uff1a<\/strong>\u785d\u9178\u4f5c\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u8bd5\u5242\u53c2\u4e0e\u70c8\u6027\u70b8\u836f\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u5982TNT\uff08\u4e09\u785d\u57fa\u7532\u82ef\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u785d\u5316\u5242\uff1a<\/strong>\u785d\u9178\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u785d\u5316\u5242\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u785d\u57fa\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u5f15\u5165\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5408\u7269\u4e2d\u3002\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u5316\u5b66\u54c1\u548c\u836f\u7269\u7684\u5408\u6210\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6c27\u5316\u5242\uff1a<\/strong>\u785d\u9178\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u5f3a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxidizing_agent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u6c27\u5316\u5242<\/a>\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u8d28\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u785d\u9178\u76d0\u524d\u4f53\uff1a<\/strong>\u785d\u9178\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u5404\u79cd\u785d\u9178\u76d0\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u785d\u9178\u94f6\u3001\u785d\u9178\u94be\u548c\u785d\u9178\u94a0\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u785d\u9178\u5177\u6709\u8150\u8680\u6027\u548c\u6f5c\u5728\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u9884\u9632\u63aa\u65bd\u548c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6848\u90fd\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9605\u8bfb<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a 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