{"id":754,"date":"2023-07-21T10:35:55","date_gmt":"2023-07-21T10:35:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%94%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1\/"},"modified":"2023-07-21T10:35:55","modified_gmt":"2023-07-21T10:35:55","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%94%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%94%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"ans\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621).<\/strong><\/p>\n<style>\n.wp-block-table table, .wp-block-table td, .wp-block-table th {\n    border: 0;\n}\n<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0649<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0636\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>F<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0632<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u062c.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0643<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0644\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0635.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0649.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0634<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>X<\/strong> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"> <strong>\u0632<\/strong> <\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"A\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0627\u0644\u0649<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Actinium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ac \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 89.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Aluminum\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Al \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 13\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Americium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Am \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 95.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Antimony\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Sb \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 51. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Argon\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ar \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 18.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Arsenic\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 As \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 33\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Astatine\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 At \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 85. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Atom\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"B\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0628<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Barium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ba \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 56\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Berkelium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 97 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 Bk.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Beryllium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Be \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 4.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Bismuth\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u0645\u0648\u062a<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Bi \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 83\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0634 \u0630\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Bohrium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 107 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 Bh.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Boiling-point\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/strong> &#8211; \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Bonding-electrons\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Boron\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 B \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 5. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Bromine\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Br \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 35. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631-\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"C\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0636\u062f<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Cadmium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Cd \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 48. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 12\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Cesium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Cs \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 55. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Calcium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ca \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 20.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Californium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Cf \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 98.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Carbon\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 \u201cC\u201d \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 6\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Cerium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ce \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 58\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Chlorine\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Cl \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 17.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Chromium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 24 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Cr. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Cobalt\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Co \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 27\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Combustion\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong> \u2013 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Compound\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628<\/strong> &#8211; \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Conductivity\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Copernicium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Cn \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 112.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Copper\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Cu \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 29\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Covalent-bonds\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Curium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Cm \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 96.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"D\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u062f<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Darmstadtium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ds \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 110.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Diatomic\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629<\/strong> &#8211; \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Dubnium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Db \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 105.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Ductility\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Duplet\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>Duplet<\/strong> &#8211; \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 duplet \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Dysprosium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Dy \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 66\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"E\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0647<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Einsteinium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Es \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 99.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Electronegativity\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong> &#8211; \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Element\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/strong> \u2013 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Erbium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Er \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 68\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Europium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 63\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"F\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> F<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Fermium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Fm \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 100.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Flerovium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 114 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 Fl.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Fluorine\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 F \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 9.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Francium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Fr \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 87.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"G\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0632<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Gadolinium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Gd \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 64\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Gallium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Ga \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 31\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Germanium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 32 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ge.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Gold\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Au \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 79\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Group-1\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 1<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 1 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Group-13\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 13<\/strong> &#8211; \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 13 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 (B)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Al)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ga)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (In) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Tl).<\/p>\n<p id=\"Group-14\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 14<\/strong> \u2013 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 14 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Group-15\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 15<\/strong> &#8211; \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 15 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (N)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 (P)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e (As)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 (Sb) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u0645\u0648\u062a (Bi).<\/p>\n<p id=\"Group-16\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 16<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 16\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 VIA \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 (O)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (S)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Se)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Te) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Po).<\/p>\n<p id=\"Group-17\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 17<\/strong> &#8211; \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 17 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631 (F)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 (Cl)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645 (Br)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062f (I)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (At).<\/p>\n<p id=\"Group-18\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 18<\/strong> &#8211; \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 18 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (He)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Ne)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 (Ar)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646 (Kr)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 (Xe)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 (Rn).<\/p>\n<p id=\"Group-2\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 2<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 2 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"H\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u062d<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Hafnium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Hf \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 72\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Hassium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0647\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0647\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Hs \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 108.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Helium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 He \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 2\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Holmium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Ho \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 67\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Hydrogen\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 H \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 1. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"I\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0623\u0646\u0627<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Indium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 In \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 49. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 0.21 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Iodine\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062f<\/strong> &#8211; \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627 &#8220;I&#8221; \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 53. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Ionization-energy\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646<\/strong> &#8211; \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Iridium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ir \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 77\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 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\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Isotope\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/strong> &#8211; \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"J\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u062c.<\/h2>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"K\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0643<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Krypton\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Kr \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 36. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"L\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0644<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Lanthanum\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 La \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 57\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Lawrencium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Lr \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 103.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Lead\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 (Pb) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 82\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Lewis-structure\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633<\/strong> &#8211; \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Lithium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Li \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 3\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Livermorium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 116 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Lv.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Lutetium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Lu \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 71\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"M\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0645<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Magnesium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Mg \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 12.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Malleability\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/strong> \u2013 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Manganese\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Mn \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 25\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0634 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a-\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Meitnerium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Mt \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 109.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Melting-point\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/strong> &#8211; \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Mendelevium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Md \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 101.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Mercury\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Hg \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 80\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Mineral\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/strong> &#8211; \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Mixture\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637<\/strong> &#8211; \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Molecule\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Molybdenum\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Mo \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 42. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Monatomic\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629<\/strong> &#8211; \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Moscovium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 115 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Mc. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 15 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"N\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0644\u0627<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Neodymium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Nd \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 60\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Neon\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 10 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ne\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Neptunium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Np \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 93.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Nickel\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ni \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 28\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Nihonium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Nh \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 113.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Niobium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Nb \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 41. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Nitrogen\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 N \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 7. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 78% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Nobelium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 No \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 102.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Nonbonding-electrons\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"O\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0623\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Oganesson\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Og \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 118.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Orbit\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong> &#8211; \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Osmium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Os \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 76\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Oxygen\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong> &#8211; \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 O \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 8\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"P\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0635.<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Palladium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Pd \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 46. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1803.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Periodic-table\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Phosphorus\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 P \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 15. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Platinum\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Pt \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 78\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Plutonium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0639 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 94\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Pu\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 244\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Polonium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Po \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 84\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Potassium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 K \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 19. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 1 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Praseodymium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Pr \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 59\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Promethium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Pm \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 61\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Protactinium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Pa \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 91.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Q\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0633<\/h2>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"R\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0627\u0644\u0649.<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Radium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Ra \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 88.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Radon\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Rn \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 86. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u060c \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Reactivity\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Rhenium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Re \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 75\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Rhodium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Rh \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 45. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Roentgenium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Rg \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 111.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Rubidium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Rb \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 37. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Ruthenium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ru \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 44. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Rutherfordium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0631\u0630\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0631\u0630\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Rf \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 104.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"S\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0633<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Samarium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Sm \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 62\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Scandium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Sc \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 21.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Seaborgium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Sg \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 106.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Selenium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Se) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Se \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 34.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Silicon\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 14 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 Si\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Silver\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ag \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 47. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Sodium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Na \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 11\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Strontium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Sr \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 38. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Sulfur\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 S \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 16\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"T\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u062a<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Tantalum\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Ta \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 73\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Technetium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Tc) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 43. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Tellurium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0647\u0634 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Tennessine\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 117 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ts. \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Terbium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Tb \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 65\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Thallium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 Tl \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 81\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Thorium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Th \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 90.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Thulium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 Tm \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 69\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Tin\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Sn \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 50. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Titanium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u064a 22 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 Ti\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Tungsten\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 W \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 74\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"U\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0634<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Uranium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 U \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 92.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"V\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Valence-electrons\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a (\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624) \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Vanadium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 V \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0631\u064a 23.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"W\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648<\/h2>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"X\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> X<\/h2>\n<p id=\"Xenon\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Xe \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 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<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 Zn \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a 30. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Zirconium\" style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a 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\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 &#8230; <a title=\"\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621)\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%94%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1\/\" aria-label=\"More on \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 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