{"id":1455,"date":"2023-07-14T18:54:41","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T18:54:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85\/"},"modified":"2023-07-14T18:54:41","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T18:54:41","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/chemuza.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\">\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b 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#666; display:flex;\n    justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-right: 15px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 38px;\">\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629:<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 <em>\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/em> \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 <em>\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633<\/em> . \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/em> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 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\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/strong> : \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> : \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 8 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong> : \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628.<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong> : \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\">\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/strong> : 41<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a (\u00c5)<\/strong> : 198 \u0645<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u0644)<\/strong> : 8570 \u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u06453<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a (\u00c5)<\/strong> : 137 \u0645<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/strong> : 4744 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (5017 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646)<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (eV)<\/strong> : 652.1 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\/\u0645\u0648\u0644<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a<\/strong> : 3480 \u0645\/\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f 293.15 \u0643<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/strong> : 2477 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (2750 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646)<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/strong> : +5\u060c +3\u060c +2\u060c +4<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/strong> : [Kr]4d <sup>4<\/sup> 5s <sup>1<\/sup><\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u0648\u0644)<\/strong> : 92.90638<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631<\/strong> : 696.6 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\/\u0645\u0648\u0644<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong> : 1.6<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/strong> : \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> : 265 \u062c\u0648\u0644\/(\u0643-\u0643\u062c\u0645)<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/strong> : 26.4 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\/\u0645\u0648\u0644<\/li>\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/strong> : 2\u060c 8\u060c 18\u060c 12\u060c 1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1734. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. 1801. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0645 <em>\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648<\/em> \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1809 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1844 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> <strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\">\n<li style=\";text-align:right;direction:rtl\"> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644: \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 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